Estamos recopilando listas de palabras del español para crear un lemario^[2] de la más alta calidad con la intención de que sea comparable e incluso superior al del DRAE.

La idea es publicarlo en http://lemarios.olea.org poniéndolo a disposición de todo el mundo, con la mayor libertad de uso posible.

1. © 1994—2002 Rafael Fernández Calvo

2. El autor autoriza la reproducción y difusión de este documento, por cualquier medio, sea en su totalidad o parcialmente, si es realizado sin ánimo de lucro por organizaciones sin ánimo de lucro. Estas organizaciones pueden también enlazar este glosario desde sus sitios web, si bien se agradece a los enlazantes que lo comuniquen al autor.

3. Si las actividades citadas en 2. las realizan organizaciones con ánimo de lucro, o si las realizan con ánimo de lucro organizaciones sin ánimo de lucro, se requiere siempre el permiso previo por escrito del autor.

4. En todos los casos es obligatoria la mención completa de la fuente.

No se llegó a un acuerdo con el autor con respecto a las condiciones/licencia de distribución (…) No sé si las condiciones han variado.

El glosario de Rafael Fernández Calvo no ha sido convertido a formato .dict y no se puede crear un paquete Debian con él, por no ser un glosario libre. Mi plan actual es dejar que ORCA se convierta en glosario, en vez de tesauro, y ya comienzan a aparecer algunas explicaciones.

La actual dispersión de proyectos de localización tiende a aislar a los grupos de traducción en base al proyecto en el que están desarrollando su trabajo. No existe comunicación entre los grupos a la hora de adoptar una terminología unificada, y los entornos de escritorio libres usan un léxico dispar, la documentación del SO tiende a dispersarse entre distintos grupos individuales y el resultado final del conjunto da la sensación de un formidable caos.

A simple dictionary entry may contain information about the form of the word treated, its grammatical characterization, its definition, synonyms, or translation equivalents, its etymology, cross-references to other entries, usage information, and examples.

… aims to accelerate the provision of standards for:

• Very large-scale language resources (such as text corpora, computational lexicons and speech corpora);

• Means of manipulating such knowledge, via computational linguistic formalisms, mark up languages and various software tools;

• Means of assessing and evaluating resources, tools and products.

The CES is designed to be optimally suited for use in language engineering research and applications, in order to serve as a widely accepted set of encoding standards for corpus-based work in natural language processing applications. The CES is an application of SGML compliant with the specifications of the TEI Guidelines.

The CES specifies a minimal encoding level that corpora must achieve to be considered standardized in terms of descriptive representation (marking of structural and typographic information) as well as general architecture (so as to be maximally suited for use in a text database). It also provides encoding specifications for linguistic annotation, together with a data architecture for linguistic corpora.

In its present form, the CES provides the following:

• a set of metalanguage level recommendations (particular profile of SGML use, character sets, etc.);

• tagsets and recommendations for documentation of encoded data;

• tagsets and recommendations for encoding primary data, including written texts across all genres, for the purposes of corpus-based work in language engineering.

• tagsets and recommendations for encoding linguistic annotation commonly associated with texts in language engineering, currently including:

  • segmentation of the text into sentences and words (tokens),

  • morpho-syntactic tagging,

  • parallel text alignment.

Existing tools for NLP and MT corpus-based research are typically embedded in large, non-adaptable systems which are fundamentally incompatible. Little effort has been made to develop software standards, and software reusability is virtually non-existent. As a result, there is a serious lack of generally usable tools to manipulate and analyze text corpora that are widely available for research, especially for multi-lingual applications. At the same time, the availability of data is hampered by a lack of well-established standards for encoding corpora. Although the TEI has provided guidelines for text encoding, they are so far largely untested on real-scale data, especially multi-lingual data. Further, the TEI guidelines offer a broad range of text encoding solutions serving a variety of disciplines and applications, and are not intended to provide specific guidance for the purposes of NLP and MT corpus-based research. MULTEXT proposes to tackle both of these problems. First, MULTEXT will work toward establishing a software standard, which we see as an essential step toward reusability, and publish the standard to enable future development by others. Second, MULTEXT will test and extend the TEI standards on real-size data, and ultimately develop TEI-based encoding conventions specifically suited to multi-lingual corpora and the needs of NLP and MT corpus-based research.

While lexicology is the study of words in general, terminology is the study of special-language words or terms associated with particular areas of specialist knowledge^[11]. Neither lexicology nor terminology is directly concerned with any particular application. Lexicography, however, is the process of making dictionaries, most commonly of general-language words, but occasionally of special-language words (i.e. terms). Most general-purpose dictionaries also contain a number of specialist terms, often embedded within entries together with general-language words. Terminography (or often misleadingly "terminology"), on the other hand, is concerned exclusively with compiling collections of the vocabulary of special languages. The outputs of this work may be known by a number of different names —often used inconsistently— including "terminology", "specialised vocabulary", "glossary", and so on.

Dictionaries are word-based: lexicographical work starts by identifying the different senses of a particular word form. The overall presentation to the user is generally alphabetical, reflecting the word-based working method. Synonyms —different form same meaning— are therefore usually scattered throughout the dictionary, whereas polysemes (related but different senses) and homonyms (same form, different meaning) are grouped together.

While a few notable attempts have been made to produce conceptually-based general-language dictionaries — or "thesauri", the results of such attempts are bound to vary considerably according to the cultural and chronological context of the author.

By contrast, high-quality terminologies are always in some sense concept-based, reflecting the fact that the terms which they contain map out an area of specialist knowledge in which encyclopaedic information plays a central role. Such areas of knowledge tend to be highly constrained (e.g. "viticulture"; "viniculture"; "gastronomy"; and so on, rather than "food and drink"), and therefore more amenable to a conceptual organisation than is the case with the totality of knowledge covered by general language. The relations between the concepts which the terms represent are the main organising principle of terminographical work, and are usually reflected in the chosen manner of presentation to the user of the terminology. Conceptually-based work is usually presented in the paper medium in a thesaurus-type structure, often mapped out by a system of classification (e.g. UDC) accompanied by an alphabetical index to allow access through the word form as well as the concept. In terminologies, synonyms therefore appear together as representations of the same meaning (i.e. concept), whereas polysemes and homonyms are presented separately in different entries.

Dictionaries of the general language are descriptive in their orientation, arising from the lexicographer's observation of usage. Terminologies may also be descriptive in certain cases (depending on subject field and/or application), but prescription (also: "normalisation" or "standardisation") plays an essential role, particularly in scientific, technical and medical work where safety is a primary consideration. Standardisation is normally understood as the elimination of synonymy and the reduction of polysemy/homonymy, or the coinage of neologisms to reflect the meaning of the term and its relations to other terms.

«Terminology management», itself a neologism, was coined to emphasise the need for a methodology to collect, validate, organise, store, update, exchange and retrieve individual terms or sets of terms for a given discipline. This methodology is put into operation through the use of computer-based information management systems called «Terminology Management Systems» (TMS).

Hoy la terminología es una ciencia bien estructurada que se ocupa en crear los catálogos léxicos propios de las ciencias, las técnicas, los oficios, etc., partiendo de sistemas coherentes establecidos por organismos nacionales e internacionales.

This project responds to the fact that many organizations in the localization industry are now using both human translation enhanced by productivity tools and MT with or without human post-editing. This duality of translation modes brings with it the need to integrate existing resources in the form of (a) the NLP lexicons used in MT (which we categorize as lexbases) and (b) the concept-oriented terminology databases used in human-translation productivity tools (which we call termbases). This integration facilitates consistency among various translation activities and lever-ages data from expensive information sources for both lex side and the term side of language processing.

The SALT project combines two recently finalized interchange formats: «OLIF» (Open Lexicon Interchange Format), which focuses on the interchange of data among lexbase resources from various machine translation systems, (Thurmaier et al. 1999), and «MARTIF» (ISO 12200:1999, MAchine-Readable Terminology Interchange Format), which facilitates the interchange of termbase resources with conceptual data models ranging from simple to sophisticated. The goal of SALT is to integrate lexbase and termbase resources into a new kind of database, a lex/term-base called «XLT» (eXchange format for Lex/Term-data).

Control of TBX has been handed over from the SALT project (…) to LISA (and its OSCAR SIG).

Here is a list of Terminology Standards that I am familiar with and which I find useful. This is a starting point for a SIG list. Please post as a reply any additional ones which you find useful.

1. TBX - TermBase eXchange format. This is the XML terminology markup format proposed by the LISA/OSCAR standards group as an standard for the localization industry. More info here: http://www.lisa.org/tbx/

2. OLIF2 - Open Lexicon Interchange Format. This is an interchange format specifically for machine-readable lexicographical data, such as for machine translation systems. OLIF data will be recordable in TBX.

ISO TC 37 Standards

3. ISO DIS 16642:2002 - TMF - Terminology Markup Framework. This is a high-level standard framework for defining individual TMLs (terminology markup languages). It covers basic structure and architecture of TMLs and terminology databases.

4. ISO 12620:1999 (under revision) - Terminology Data Categories. This standard is being revised into 2 parts. The first part describes a standard generic method for defining data categories for terminology collections (what standard properties they should have, etc.). The second part is an inventory of all the possible types of data categories in lexicology and terminology (term, part of speech, definition, context, variants, etc., etc.). This part is very useful as a catalog for picking data categories for your own terminology database.

5. ISO 12200:1999 - MARTIF - If you're still into SGML, this is a good established standard markup format. MARTIF is the basis for TBX and is also supported by a number of terminology tools. MARTIF will be integrated as an appendix in the final version of ISO 16642.

6. ISO 17241 - GENETER. Another standard SGML format for terminology, used by some databases in Europe. GENETER will be integrated as an appendix in the final version of ISO 16642.

7. ISO 704:2000 - Terminology Work - Principles and methods. Provides all kinds of useful information about terminology research methods and writing definitions, and other process-oriented tasks.

8. ISO 12616 - Translation-oriented terminography. Provides useful guidelines for terminology work specifically to support the translation process.

9. ISO 1087-1 and 1087-2 - Terminology Work - Vocabulary. These basically contain definitions of standard terms in terminology. A useful reference point for the SIG.

The goal of the «Okapi Framework» is to provide public specifications, open components and libraries to allow tools developers and localizers to build their own processes the way they want it, while staying compatible and interoperable with each others.

is a user-friendly vehicle for exchanging terminological and lexical data.

What is special about OLIF?

OLIF is XML-compliant and offers support for natural language processing (NLP) systems, such as machine translation, by providing coverage of a wide and detailed range of linguistic features.